Understanding Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Overview

MS is an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks myelin in the central nervous system causing inflammation and neurodegeneration over time. Symptoms vary by location and degree of nerve involvement.

Symptoms

• Visual disturbances (optic neuritis)
• Numbness or tingling
• Muscle weakness, spasticity and balance problems
• Chronic fatigue and cognitive changes
• Bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction

Diagnosis

Diagnosis combines clinical history, neurological exam and supporting tests (MRI, CSF oligoclonal bands, evoked potentials). Specialist neurologist assessment is recommended.

Treatment & Management

Acute relapse treatment (steroids), disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), symptomatic management, rehabilitation and psychosocial support form the pillars of MS care.

NMOSD

Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) is distinct from MS and often requires specific antibody testing (AQP4, MOG) and tailored therapy.